A civil society is
referred to as a community of citizens linked by common interests and have a
collective activity. A corporation is a legal entity that is regarded as a
legal person with the power to sue and be sued.
Crimes
that harm business versus crimes committed by a business
Crimes committed by any
corporation are mostly referred to as corporate crimes. Corporation can never
act on their own an agent of the corporation has the power to make decision and
steer head the functioning of the company. However when a crime occurs the
burden of proof lies with prosecution in determining that the commission or
omission of the crime was within the scope of his/her employment. An example of
a recent fraud case that can be categorized as corporate crime is when
employees of Volkswagen installed software designs to help lower the cars
emission reading. This made the car appear to outperform their competitors and
comply with the regulation that had gave guidelines as to the required standard
required.
After investigations
were conducted. It was discovered that the cars emitted forty times more than
the required level. Since the intended goal was to benefit the business was
referred as corporate crime. While white collar crimes refer to nonviolence
financial crimes. The motive of the individual is usually to achieve personal
financial gain. The common white collar jobs are embezzlement money laundering
and fraud. The crime with the greatest threat to society is the corporate
crime. With the resources that the companies have they can change the cause of
any given market for the better. Without legal restriction and accountability,
majority of the corporation that have dominance may exploit and endanger lives
with the intention to benefit the company.
Regulation
for imported products
The United States is
making huge purchases in large volumes from China. The safety of the products
in questions is unclear. However, the company that imports the product have a
reasonable duty of care to ensure that the product does not cause death or harm
to consumers. Duty of care refers to reasonable standard of behavior that a
business ought to portray in its practice.
Large Corporation do not embrace this for they mainly focus on cutting
costs to raise profits. Business strategies in and how many companies operate
is questionable. Although they operate within the legal framework of the United
States law that does not guarantee that the product is safe for consumption. The
U.S companies should be liable in ensuring that that the product or raw
ingredient used from other countries is safe. Companies take the responsibility
of the consumer they serve. Unaccountability would mean that they are driven by
profit margins and not consumer safety and satisfaction.
Legal
Liability for defective products
If U.S retailers and
Manufacturers are compelled to use accurate information like ‘origin of
ingredients unknown’ then the consumer can take required steps in ensuring that
he/she makes choice to either take or disregard the product. The strategy
provide transparency and give control power to the buyer to be aware of the
risks involved in their actions. This will translate to losses in sales for the
company. The labelling in itself is an expense that the company does not wish
to incur. But this can only happen when a problem arises.
Conclusion
There need to be clear
regulation put in place to ensure that the products being imported from China
are of required standards and quality. The company that imports the product
have a reasonable duty of care to ensure that the product they import does not
cause death or harm to its consumers. A Duty of care for the companies refers
to a set standard of behavior that a business have to portray in its practice.
Morals and Ethical Issues of Providing Drugs in Underdeveloped Countries
Workers in the field of medicine
and substance abuse are faced with numerous ethical dilemmas on individual and
societal levels. In definition, ethics is an intellectual approach to a moral
issue where one evaluates the actions and choices of people in an effort to
understand how to deal with them daily (Center of Substance Abuse Treatment,
2000). As per the Biblical reference, Simon was asked by Jesus to let down the
nets for a catch after he found them washing their nets ready to leave after a
long futile night in the deep waters. Despite the fact that he was not ready
for another disappointed, his morals drove him to listen to the son of God and
cast down the nets as instructed. It resulted in a big catch such that he had
to ask for help from other fishermen as his boat was almost sinking from the
weight of the catch. An ethical dilemma is normal because it tests one’s
personal beliefs, values, and judgments and like Simon Peter, it is important
to have strong beliefs if the right judgment is to be made.
In medicine, there are ethical
considerations that must be made especially if the individuals on the other end
are vulnerable like is the case with the poor communities in underdeveloped
countries. The eight basic rights that guide medics working on vulnerable
communities include (Brewer, 2015);
The right patient- this means that before prescribing
and dispensing any medication to the patient, the medical staff should evaluate
whether it is the right medication for that particular patient
The right drug- it means that the prescribed medication
is the exact medication dispensed to the patient. Without giving generics or
substitute medication
The right dose- Doses differ with the patient age and
weight. Therefore, the medical staff catering to vulnerable patients should
ensure that dosage is accurate and effectively communicated to the patient(Brewer,
2015)
The right route- the means through which the medication
is given should be right if it is to be effective. Doing it the wrong way may
result in the loss of patient life and a lawsuit in some cases.
The right time- the patient should be instructed
accordingly in regards to what time he or she should take the drug and how
often they should do it (Brewer, 2015). Failure to this in an underdeveloped
community will result in negative patient outcomes and loss of customers
The right documentation- keeping good records like the
number of people using a certain drug helps medical staff in monitoring the
efficacy of the drugs being provided to patients and evaluating on the most
effective drug for treatment.
The right reason- the rationale for prescribing a
certain drug should be legitimate and the medical practitioner should be in a
position to explain why that specific drug was prescribed over the others.
These reasons also need to be medically supported so that they can back up that
decision.
The right response- this is important for evaluation or
assessment purposes. It determines whether the drug had the desired effect or
if there is need to change the medication for a stronger drug (Brewer, 2015).
In most underdeveloped
communities, the population is mildly educated and the basic rights mentioned
above are approached with an exception. This is because most of them are met
with ethical issues because illiterate populations hold onto strong myths and
cultural beliefs. For instance, the medic may be forced to work with incoherent
patients which makes it harder to communicate with them in an effort to accord
them with the best medical care (Grey, 2004). In other instances, some
communities in underdeveloped nations do not believe in western treatment
methods as they believe that traditional treatments work better. In such an
instance, administration of drugs will be difficult and the medical practitioner
has to adopt the provisions of the nurses’ codes of ethics below;
Provision 1- ensure that in all medical practices
and patient interactions, compassion and respect is upheld. This means treating
patients with dignity despite their background and current situation (Brewer,
2015).
Provision 2- fully committing to the patient as an
individual, community, group, or family
Provision 3- advocating for the rights of the
patient and protecting their rights, safety, and health
Provision 4- taking accountability and
responsibility of the nursing practice of fellow colleagues and delegating
tasks in accordance to the ability to provide optimum care in an effort to
ensure that patient outcomes are positive (Brewer, 2015).
Provision 5- Maintaining competence in the
workplace and to strive for professional growth for the good of the patient and
the community
Provision 6- improving the health care environment
of this vulnerable community and providing conducive environments for patients
to feel safe enough to discuss their health insecurities so that they can be
advised accordingly and provided with good quality health care
Provision 7- collaborating with other health
professionals and the public in general to ensure that all the patient needs
are met and that the facility is equipped with adequate resources to meet new
health needs (Brewer, 2015).
Provision 8- upholding the values of nursing
through good service provision, demonstrating integrity, and ethical nursing
practices.
In conclusion, upholding the above provisions and
basic rights of vulnerable patients will aid medical practitioners in providing
the necessary drugs and health services needed to improve the living standards
of these communities (Grey, 2004). Affordable treatments should always be a
priority but the medical staff should also stay informed on morals and ethics
required when dealing with these communities.
BY NJOGU JAMES KARUGIA, njogujameskarugia@gmail.com OR WhatsApp +254711144556
Leadership,
Personal Issues, and the Rules of Law
Law enforcement operations and management
Police
field operations can be classified into two categories- investigations and
patrol. Patrol is the “backbone of policing” considering that it has the
largest percentage of police personnel. They work to deter and prevent crime,
apprehend offenders, provide non-crime related services like traffic control,
and create a sense of security and satisfaction among the public, and to
identify and solve community problems as they arise. Basically, the presence of
patrol officers is to deter offenders from committing crimes or causing trouble
in the community (Roberg, Novak, Cordner & Smith,
2017).
Initially,
police patrol tactics were proactive where they would visit different
communities to ensure calmness is maintained but with technological advancement
and introduction of radio and telephone, their tactics have turned to be
reactive. This means that they tend to react to situations that compromise the
peace and order of the community and are therefore more target-oriented.
Investigations
is the second police field operations category. They have more complex
responsibilities than patrol officers where they are involved in intelligence
collection, undercover operations, and crime investigation
(Roberg, Novak, Cordner & Smith, 2017). They follow up on different reports and narrow down the
clues until the perpetration of the crime under investigation is identified. Their
work is easier with technological advancements like automated fingerprint
identification systems and DNA compatibility tests.
In
terms of structure and management, most similarly sized police departments are
organized in the same way. They are all embracing diversity in terms of
ethnicity and race and the type of technology being used. These police
precincts are divided into various departments like patrol, criminal
investigation, traffic, tactical enforcement, juvenile bureau, communications,
and internal affairs (Roberg, Novak, Cordner & Smith,
2017). All these departments are headed
by a supervisor and all supervisors report to the Chief of Police in their
respective precincts.
Examine the change in requirements that police hiring
agencies have had for potential candidates over the last 50 years and discuss
the effects on law enforcement organizations. Support or critique the current
requirements.
The
change in police hiring agencies has transformed compared to the first time
police departments were formed in the 1800s. At the time, they were designed to
control individual communities and American citizens which explains why the
country has more than 12,000 municipal police departments. The police were
highly accountable to the public considering that they depended on them for
funding and to this effect, there were numerous cases of unequal policing
depending on the funding received. This transformation occurred over the
centuries and the face of the police department was polished over time (Smith,
2018). The hiring process was not as strict as it is today since renowned
locals were selected to join the police force and maintain peace and harmony in
their communities. It therefore explains why police in the 1950s knew all the
troublemakers in their patrol area by name and he dealt with them justly. However,
their technology was less refined and they used tactic and locals to obtain
information on the troublemakers. Over time, the hiring process became hectic
for interested parties as they had to meet tough requirements before they could
join the police force. It therefore resulted in decline of the number of people
looking to join the force resulting in a gap that the American law enforcement
system is struggling to fill.
The
current requirements include; be 19 years to 21 years (depending on the state),
have a high school education although college education is preferred as well,
be an American citizen by birth or naturalization, have a driving license,
prior military service is preferred although a university education or job
experience is okay, one should not be a previous offender, and finally pass the
physical and ethical tests to be subjected by the police academy (Roufa, 2019).
Most applicants pass all the requirements but are rejected in the medical and
physical test stages which can be bias or unfair at other times. Some
requirements are difficult to meet considering that they require a college
graduate with job experience is difficult in today’s America because of the
high college fees and growing unemployment rates.
After
realization that these requirements are difficult to meet and there is need to
feel the growing employee gaps, some law enforcement agencies have changed
their hiring tactics. For instance, Philadelphia police departments are
recruiting applicants who are 22 years old and college requirements were
scrapped off thus attracting more applicants (Gregg, 2017). The Memphis Police
Department has also scrapped off college credits as a requirement as long as
one has military or job experience. These requirements are more reasonable and
attainable for interested individuals (Connolly, 2018).
Examine two areas in which federal courts have placed limits
on officer’s constitutional rights due to the nature of their work and explain
the reasoning.
The
first constraint that officers have in democratic societies is where they are
not allowed to include personal issues and practices in their work. It is
important that police departments understand that the officers are human beings
too. They have emotions that may need to be expressed despite the nature of
their work. However, the federal courts dictate that when making departmental
decisions, objectivity should be upheld without emotion (Smith, 2018). This
means that the formal or informal relationships made in the workplace are not
considered when an organizational decision is being made. For instance, when
the need to reassign an officer to another precinct arises, the emotions of
that individual’s partner are not considered even if they were partners for a
decade. The argument is that getting emotional during such decisions will delay
the process and thus consume time that would have been used to serve the
people. Besides, the partner should learn how to move on and start over with a
new partner who is just as experienced at their job.
The
second constraint that police officers experience is that their constitutional
freedom of speech and expression is limited due to the nature of their job. For
them, a rant on the internet will cost them a three day’s pay while sharing a
video about sensitive information from their department will cost them ten
day’s pay (Sawyer, 2016). The reasoning behind this is that the officer is
tainting the name of the police department in the public eye which is
punishable and intolerable. Their freedom of speech is highly limited and any
expression on social media that does not appease the administration will have
consequences. Besides, the public is also on the lookout for bad police
activity online where they politically charge and innocent post by a police
officer claiming that it is prejudice against a specific community which may
not always be true. Some police officers have lost their job over social media
hence calling for caution about an officer’s online activity (Sawyer, 2016).
Identify three constraints placed on law enforcement and
examine how these constraints affect how law enforcement conducts their
operations.
The
first constraint when managing police officers is making a decision on
discretion. In most cases, police officers are expected to make their own
judgment when met with an issue while working. These judgments are kept discrete
by the department administrators and supervisors who take responsibility of the
officer’s actions. However, some discretions can be destructive especially is
the officer’s decision has a negative outcome that led to injury, damages, or
death (Wuthichai, 2017). Despite the result, supervisors have to take
responsibility and discretion in such matters may result in a penalty or
getting fired. Therefore, some supervisors end up giving ultimatums and threats
on police actions and this discourages the officers from undertaking their
duties well in fear of getting in trouble or getting fired.
The
second constraint when managing police officers is having to work with
difficult-to-achieve and ambiguous goals. Police organization goals have proven
to be ambiguous considering that one cannot explain what constitutes good
policing. Therefore, the management cannot make a bold decision about the most
qualified police officers in terms of good policing as the means over ends
syndrome prevails in the precincts (Wuthichai, 2017). For instance, making an
arrest may seem like a good policing goal yet it is only a means to the goal of
good policing.
The
third constraint is in leadership where the American law enforcement is facing
numerous challenges as they seek to rebuild the community trust and police
legitimacy that is getting lost at a fast rate. Upholding professionalism is
proving to be a difficult task as the public sheds more light on the
shortcomings of law enforcement (Smith, 2018). The societal violence against
police officer is also increasing hence calling for more force when dealing
with offenders but this is still tainting the image of the police despite their
efforts to improve their image.
Examine two current events in which
police supervisors were held criminally liable for their officers’ misconduct
and explain the reasons why.
The Flint, Michigan Chief of Police was fired in 2016 after
facing perjury charges in a wrongful murder conviction of a teenager. This was
after he contradicted his own sworn testimony about Davontae Sanford, a murder
suspect. The former Chief of Police contradicted his evidence which was crucial
to the case and this led to the release of the innocent teenager (Felton, 2016).
Chicago’s police superintended McCarthy was fired in 2015 for the shooting of a
teenager by one of his officers, Jason Van Dyke who fired 16 shots. The
superintended was fired on the basis that he was deliberately suppressing the
case citing police investigations knowing that the officer was on the wrong. (McClelland,
2018).
The
journal article describes the frustrations of Boeing after a difficult and
discouraging launch of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner meant to change the future of
commercial air travel. Its success was already in the picture after its launch
was announced considering that it became the best-selling aircraft in history
after the announcement. Depending on the model of preference, the price list
ranged from $161 to $205 million and more than 847 orders had been placed all
over the world. The 787 Dreamliner characteristics that stood out for the
buyers were- fuel efficiency, 330 passenger seating, lower fuel consumption,
new assembly techniques, lighter composite material, and outsourcing
development work to global suppliers. In simple terms, “Boeing had hit the home
run” with the 787 Dreamliner and the future of commercial air travel looked
brighter. However, their downfall started with delivery date slippages of the
first orders where they fell four years behind schedule. The market reacted
with a drop in stock after it was revealed that the product was experiencing
technical problems and there were supply chain problems that the company was
experiencing at the time. In 2005, the first announcement of a six-month delay
was made in public.
According
to the Boeing, the delays were initially due to a supply chain problem and
technical problems. The supplier delay issue proceeded for some time and then a
problem with the fasteners occurred. In this case, the fasteners were used to
attach the composite aircraft components together but they were reporting
repeated failure which caused the fifth delay in the delivery schedule. A
machinist strike also occurred in the process and its effects were felt during
the production process of the Dreamliner. “The need to reinforce an area within
the side-of-body aircraft body section” also arose and this postponed the first
flight. This was costly for the company which had to write off $2.5 billion for
the faulty Dreamliners that had already been built. The first successful test
flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner was in December 2009, six years behind the
intended launch. First deliveries were scheduled for 2011 although some
airlines like Air India had already announced a compensation claim against
Boeing because of the repeated delays.
In 2010, the Dreamliners were grounded again
after a fire incident and Boeing was forced to undertake extensive testing on
the aircraft’s electrical system and the company feared that the delivery dates
would be pushed again. The final deliveries were made more than three years
later than the intended day proving that the company was way above its head
with the Dreamliner. Despite the hiccups, the 787 Dreamliner is a
state-of-the-art aircraft where it uses composite materials extensively unlike
other commercial planes and has carbon fiber-reinforced plastic which make it
lighter than most commercial aircrafts. The lighter weight has led to the use
of new generation jet engines and therefore, the aircraft records lower costs
of operations. However, some airlines argue that some of these characteristics
are a hoax after testing the Dreamliner while suppliers feel pressured by the
airline which makes complicated and barely attainable orders on the products
needed for the aircraft. These complaints make the future of the Boeing 787
bleak and difficult to predict.
The
journal article is more of a critique of the activities of Boeing in the
production of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Deemed the best commercial aircraft
idea, the article is quick to mention the bleak future of this bright idea that
was meant to change the world. It is poorly organized where it mentions the
causes of failure before giving an outline of all the milestones the Dreamliner
which throws off the reader. In addition, this journal article barely compares
this Dreamliner with other Boeing aircrafts which would be a good option
especially for readers who would like to know about the previous works of
Boeing. On the other hand, the article title reads that the launch of the
Dreamliner was a failure which is not the case considering that it finally released
its first aircraft and even made deliveries to anxious customers. It would have
been better if the author mentioned that the Boeing 787 Dreamliner launch was
troubled or frustrating. Finally, the author needs to mention the financial
losses that the company experienced in terms of compensations made to customers
who backed out of the buy after the unexpected delays and the total loss
incurred when building the Dreamliner that turned out faulty before the first
successful launch.
In conclusion, the concept being discussed in this case is poor management by an airline. They had a great idea, one that was to change the world of commercial travel but they lacked the necessary skills to make that idea into reality. The airline not only announced a specific delivery year, but also guaranteed delivery of the aircrafts without ensuring that the idea was possible in the first place. It was after taking orders from airlines and starting on the production process of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner that they realized that the design had numerous flaws and fixing them would not only cost more money, but also more time and therefore delay delivery.
PSA
or public service announcement is a message that is passed to the public with
the intention of creating awareness of a certain behavior or culture that
exist. The message is mostly free and educative.
When
locating an audience for your PSA you have to prioritize your outreach. This
means that one has to focus on the best platform that will give most results.
An impactful public service announcement will only meet the required target if
the mode of communication used is that which will be able to reach to at least
¾ of the intended person.
The
other major consideration would be understanding the mindset of the audience
and the medium of advertisement in which you to reach the audience. Majority of
the mediums that you intend to use an example being the media, will focus on
how the PSA will relate to their audience and can only be of help if the
advertisement will increase their audience (Goodwill,2017).
When
identifying a potential sponsor, there are various things one should take into
consideration and they include, the massage that you wish to communicate to
people. Majority of the sponsors will be interested with messages that promote
their product or do not conflict with their mode of trade. This is to mean
that, when speaking out in regards to an issue it must always be consistent to
the sponsors believes and way of conducting things.
When
deciding a topic, it is always recommendable that the topic be easily
understandable at first instant or encounter. Over complication of the subject
matter will always create doubt with the audience. Another factor to take into
consideration is always show and indicate a problem that has existed. This help
the audience resonate with the advertisement and will likely take it as a
challenge towards solving the behavior. When deciding on the topic you have to
also know what you believe in and the kind of preferences are so that you can
be able to go in-depth with the subject that you wish to explore in your
campaign.
The
mode of communication should be simple and to the point. This is to mean that
you need to share success stories. The success stories should include impact
made by your campaign and the personal relationship that the campaign has
brought. You will have to include underlying factors that have made the
campaign a success and challenges faced. By this, you will be using the
technique of resonating with the audience and make them feel that they are part
of the journey towards making a better world for themselves and future
generations. Credibility of any given public service announcement will be made
possible if there are partnerships established with the community you purport
to help.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
My
PSA grant application is based on a research conducted in 2012 (Wil Schroter,Eric
Corl, 2012) where lack of good mentorship and support makes half of total
number of startup business to fail or not proceed. My major concern will be
ensuring that young startup companies get required funding and support.
Utilization of the available platform to support the young people towards
achieving the intended goal. The required capital required is a range of the an
amount but with partnerships built our mode of communication will be audio
podcast due to its effectiveness and impact to the audience.
Cultural
diversity in a healthcare organization influences communication between
practitioners and patients due to religious beliefs, language barriers, and
diverse culture. This differences within an organization affect and impact
communication (Scherman, 2017).
What
impact does cultural diversity have upon communications in a healthcare
organization?
Studies
conducted have highlighted the impact that cultural diversity has on quality
healthcare. Facts conducted by Health Professional for diversity coalition
showed that race influences service delivery in a healthcare organization. In
its report, it stated that it is more likely for an African American who is
dire need of kidney transplant to wait twice as much as a white patient (King,
2014). Cultural diversity influences a community positively and negatively and
has an impact on communication at any given healthcare organization.
In
terms of communication, does cultural diversity impact patient safety and
quality of care?
My
answer is yes. Cultural diversity has both positive and negative impact on the
patient and influences the quality of care that the patient may receive. The
Health professional for diversity coalition report brought out measures that
need to be taken to enhance communication, impact patient safety and improve
the quality of care of patients. It recommends that during training, health
professionals should be made to interact with individuals from various racial
and ethnic background. This will broaden their perspective of ethnic, racial
and cultural differences and similarities (King, 2014).
In conclusion, diversity in education improves learning outcomes for students. When such skills are developed, intellectual engagement and individual social skills enhance cultural understanding by exposing diversity principles. Cultural diversity involving religious beliefs, language barriers and diverse culture in a healthcare organization is influenced by communication between practitioners and patients (Wilson, 2010). This differences within an organization affect and impact communication (Scherman, 2017).
Gap management is the management of
assets and liabilities to ensure that there is a balance in interest rates. The
purpose of gap management is to ensure that the money going out to cover debts
offsets the income being received from investments that are earning an
interest.
Method
There are four major methods of gap
management namely acceptance of interest margin fluctuations, management of
funds gaps in the rate cycle, seeking a balanced or zero gap position, and
using artificial hedges (Elahi, Dehdashti & Majedi, 2011). Acceptance of
fluctuations in interest margins is a banking risk because despite the
fluctuations experienced, the bank is expected to meet borrower’s and
depositor’s needs without fail. On the other hand, management of funds gaps in
the rate cycle is meant to determine whether to narrow or widen the fund gap depending
on the positive or negative nature of the gap type, and the falling or rising
movement of short-term rates.
Seeking a balanced or zero gap
position is a bank’s decision not to take an interest risk because of their
limited access to financial markets and few staff members while the adoption of
hedging ensures offsetting of profit and loss. Artificial hedges involve
engagement in a transaction that yields a profit which covers the losses
expected to be incurred from another transaction. In return, the profit and
loss values of the two transactions are either of approximate amount or
offsetting.
RSA
and RSL in gap management
In an effort to manage assets and
liabilities, banks have to identify their RSL and RSA. These are the Rate
Sensitive Liabilities and Rate Sensitive Assets respectively. A rate sensitive
instrument can be repriced in every 90 days or less. When a bank is able to
control the GAP between RSA and RSL, they are able to manage their assets and
liabilities effectively. Positive gaps occur when RSA is greater than RSL while
negative gaps occur when RSL is greater than RSA. A positive or negative gap
determines whether the business would benefit from declining or rising interest
rates.
GAP = RSA- RSL
GAP Ratio = RSA / RSL (Elahi, Dehdashti
& Majedi, 2011)
Application,
strengths, and risks of gap management
Gap management was adopted in the
1980s by banking institutions that sought to manage their interest rate risks
in duration analysis. Today, it is still widely used. However, gap management
ignores differences in spread between rates of interest as a result of
increasing market level interest rates, changes in interest rate environments,
and fails to show a variability in non-interest revenue expenses. The major
strengths of gap management are that it reduces the gap between assets and
liabilities, assesses liquidity risk and interest rate risk, and aids in
differentiating rate-sensitive assets from rate-sensitive liabilities at a
given period of time (Elahi, Dehdashti & Majedi, 2011).
Article
summary
The article explains how banks and
businesses are coping with the changing interest rate environment where there
is increased attention to to ALM risk management practices as banking
landscapes experience change. In return, the management of these institutions
is working to acquire more knowledge on banking landscapes, interest rates, and
liquidity risks in an effort to keep up with new trends of doing business and
manage ALM (Gray, 2013). The article also explains how different institutions
have achieved risk tolerance as they strive to adopt practices and procedures
needed to reduce ALM risks.
Cyber
Crime-Identity Theft and Invasion of privacy
Introduction
Cybercrime is a crime
that involves a computer as the object of the crime used to commit an offense.
A device may be used by a cybercriminal to access personal user information,
business information that is confidential and government information either to
sell or release the information to unauthorized people.
Identity
Theft and invasion of privacy
Cybercrime is an
international problem and affects virtual and the physical body. An example is,
when cybercriminal steal credit card records. First they make digital
information about the individual. This is dangerous for they use the card
information to buy and use money resulting to high bills translating to losses
for the credit card company. The identity theft may result to private
information being sold and breach of privacy.
Summary
of the Article
An article published on
the February, 2018 showed how Identity theft and invasion of privacy almost
ruined someone’s life. An anonymous person lost her credit card. The Individual
credit names were used to create new identities for the criminal. The
cybercriminal contacted the credit bank and changed the mailing address on the
account, he/she later got a passport and driver’s license with his own picture
but the names used are for the victim. The cybercriminal got a new social
security card and opened a bank accounts which he acquired and received loans
with the victim’s background and credit records.
Conclusion
Majority of people know
that cybercrime is real but are not taking preventive measures to ensure that
they are not part being robbed by changing their credentials and update
passwords. This make most people be vulnerable to cyber hacks. You need to
familiarize yourself with the new preventive measure you can take to curb
identity theft and invasion of privacy.
Why
wasn’t the Bill of Rights originally in the US Constitution?
George
Mason played an integral role in the implementation of the United States
Constitution. He was vocal on human rights, individual liberty and advocated on
the creation of the bill of rights. George Mason played a large role in
crafting the constitution but he withheld his support for he felt that it did
not end slave trade and lacked the bill of rights. However, federalists argued
that there was no need to include the bill of rights in the constitution
because both the state and the federal government had distinguished powers
which were meant to protect citizens. This was not the case since the constitution
according to Mason was too powerful and could create an intrusive government if
the amendments were not made.
The
three Fifth Compromise
The
three fifth compromise was the process where a slave’s census was conducted to
facilitate taxation and representation by the federal government. The states in
the south wanted to do a head count of all the slaves but never agreed to be
taxed because the slaves were regarded as property for the colonial masters but
the states in the north did not agree with it. The Southern states and the
Northern states agreed on to count three out of every five slaves for taxation
and representation purposes.
Shay
Rebellion
In 1786, a war veteran named Daniel Shay led a protest over unjust economic policies and high taxes. The rebellion exposed the weaknesses that the Government had under the Articles of confederation. The central government was unable to calm the rebellion. Shay rebellion revealed that the Articles of Confederation gave too much power to individual states while the federal government remained weak. The rebellion created a balance of power between the two governments.
Wakili Njogu Thoughts 